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专著推荐 | 对话杨宪益、霍克斯:《红楼梦》英译赏析

The following article is from 北大外文学堂 Author 张文锦

对话杨宪益、霍克斯

——《红楼梦》英译赏析(第一至四十回)

张文锦 张锦萍 主编

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编者按:My one abiding principle has been to translate everything---even puns.(我的一个不变的原则是翻译一切---甚至是双关语)---David Hawkes
可译还是不可译,永远是一个争论性的问题;直译还是意译,永远是一个见仁见智的选择,在如此争论中却能见出对文本理解的深浅,却能显露翻译功力的高下。通过《红楼梦》的英译学翻译不失为一个值得尝试的途径。这里以人们耳熟能详的《好了歌》为例,将此一途径展示,以飨读者。


好了歌1

世人都晓神仙好,2惟有功名忘不了!3古今将相在何方?荒冢一堆草没了。4世人都晓神仙好,只有金银忘不了!终朝只恨聚无多,及到多时眼闭了。5世人都晓神仙好,只有姣妻忘不了!6君生日日说恩情,君死又随人去了。世人都晓神仙好,只有儿孙忘不了!7痴心父母古来多,孝顺儿孙谁见了?8士隐听了,便迎上来道:“你满口说些什么?只听见‘好’‘了’‘好’‘了’。”9那道人笑道:“你若果听见‘好’‘了’二字,还算你明白。可知世上万般,好便是了,了便是好。若不了,便不好;若要好,须是了。我这歌儿,便名《好了歌》。”



杨宪益译文

All Good Things Must End1


“All men long to be immortals【2】

Yet to riches and rank each aspires;【3】

The great ones of old, where are they now?

Their graves are a mass of briars.【4】


All men long to be immortals,

Yet silver and gold they prize

And grub for money all their lives

Till death seals up their eyes.【5】

All men long to be immortals

Yet dote on the wives they’ve wed,【6】

Who swear to love their husband evermore

But remarry as soon as he’s dead.


All men long to be immortals

Yet with getting sons won’t have done.【7】

Although fond parents are legion,

Who ever saw a really filial son?”【8】

At the close of this song Shih-yin stepped forward.

“What was that you just chanted?” he asked. “I had the impression that it was about the vanity of all things.”9

“If you gathered that, you have some understanding,” the Taoist re­marked. “You should know that all good things in this world must end, and to make an end is good, for there is nothing good which does not end. My song is called All Good Things Must End.”


霍克斯译文

Won-Done Song1


‘Men all know that salvation【2】 should be won,But with ambition won’t have done, have done.【3】Where are the famous ones of days gone by?In grassy graves they lie now, every one.【4】
Men all know that salvation should be won,But with their riches won’t have done, have done.Each day they grumble they’ve not made enough.When they’ve enough, it’s goodnight everyone!【5】
Men all know that salvation should be won,But with their loving wives they won’t have done.【6】The darlings every day protest their love:But once you’re dead, they’re off with another one.
Men all know that salvation should be won,But with their children won’t have done, have done.【7】Yet though of parents fond there is no lack,Of grateful children saw I ne’er a one.’【8】

Shi-yin approached the Taoist and questioned him. ‘What is all this you are saying? All I can make out is a lot of “won” and “done”.’9

‘If you can make out “won” and “done”,’ replied the Taoist with a smile, ‘you may be said to have understood; for in all the affairs of this world what is won is done, and what is done is won; for whoever has not yet done has not yet won, and in order to have won, one must first have done. I shall call my song the “Won-Done Song”.’


注释

1】《好了歌》是《红楼梦》开篇中跛足道人点化甄士隐时唱念的歌谣。歌谣分为四小节,分别说人们忘不了功名、金银、娇妻、儿孙。跛足道人通过这首歌,提醒芸芸众生人生如梦,每个人难逃一死,我们忙碌一生汲汲追求的功名利禄、娇妻儿孙一样也带不走,所以要及时觉悟,看淡身外之物。《好了歌》分为四小节,每小节的最后一个字分别是:“好、了、方、了;好、了、多、了;好、了、情、了;好、了、多、了”。可以看出,汉语十分工整,每小节的第一、第二、第四的尾词是一样的:好、了、了。杨宪益译文(以下简称“杨译”)形式上也是四小节,每小节也是四句,每小节的第一、第二、第四的尾词分别是:immortalsaspiresbriarsimmortalsprizeeyesimmortalsweddeadimmortalsdoneson。对比原文可以发现,杨译只能做到每小节的第二句和第四句的尾词押韵,但是没法像原文那样保持每小节的第二、第四句的尾词不变的形式。也就是说,原文的韵尾形式是:abcbabdbabebabdb;杨译的韵尾形式是:abcbadedafgfahih。译文的韵脚与原文中的“好、了、了”无法完全对应,不能一贯到底,增加了下文中翻译跛足道人关于“好、了”二字所发议论的困难。霍克斯译文(以下简称“霍译”)把“好了歌”这个题目翻译为“Won-Done Song”,这是一个绝妙的字对字翻译:“Won”有“好”的意思;“Done”有“了”的意思;“Song”是“歌”的意思。原文题目是“好了歌”,每小节第一、第二、第四句的尾词和题目呼应,分别是“好、了、了”。霍译题目是“Won-Done Song”,译文每小节第一、第二、第四句的尾词也基本上做到了与题目呼应,分别是“wondoneone”。译文的尾韵形式是:abcaabdaabeaabfa,虽然和原文的韵脚稍显不同:原文第一、二、四句的韵脚是abb;译文第一、二、四句的韵脚是aba,但是基本保留了“好、了、了”的韵脚和意义,也为下文中翻译跛足道人关于“好、了”二字的议论扫除了障碍。2】“世人都晓神仙好”一句,杨译使用了异化策略将“神仙”一词译成“immortals”;霍译使用了归化策略将该词译成宗教色彩浓厚的“salvation”,salvation是“解救、拯救”的意思。3】“惟有功名忘不了!”一句,“功名”一词与下文的“金银”“姣妻”“儿孙”为并列而非包含关系。杨译“Yet to riches and rank each aspires”将“功名”译为“riches and rank”,其中的“riches”是“财富”的意思,显然与下文“silver and gold”语义重复,不符合作者原意。霍译“But with ambition won’t have done, have done”则将“功名”译为“ambition”,“ambition”有“抱负、志向”之意,虽与“功名”不完全对应,但可达意。4】“古今将相在何方?荒冢一堆草没了。”一句,杨译“The great ones of old, where are they now? Their graves are a mass of briars.”采用了直译手法,和原文形式对应,其中第二句的主语是“Their graves”,对应原文的“荒冢”。霍译“Where are the famous ones of days gone by? In grassy graves they lie now, every one.”中第二句的主语用的是“they”,指代前一句中的“the famous ones of days”,对应的是原文中的“古今将相”,更直接、更连贯地回答了“古今将相在何方?”的问题。5】“终朝只恨聚无多,及到多时眼闭了。”一句,杨译是“And grub for money all their lives Till death seals up their eyes”,前半句使用“grub for”这个短语,中文意思为“翻找、搜寻”,来描述人们终其一生汲汲搜寻财富的样子,十分形象生动,但没有译出“只恨聚无多”的贪婪心理。后半句使用了短语“seal up their eyes”来翻译“眼闭了”,准确形象。相比之下,霍译“Each day they grumble they’ve not made enough. When they’ve enough, it’s goodnight everyone!”的第一句“Each day they grumble they’ve not made enough较为贴切地传达了人们对财富的贪婪心理;第二句则使用了委婉语“it’s goodnight”来表达人死眼闭时。6】“只有姣妻忘不了!”一句,杨译“Yet dote on the wives they’ve wed”使用动词短语“dote on”,“dote on”有“溺爱、宠爱”之义。霍译“But with their loving wives they won’t have done.”则将“姣妻”直接译为“loving wives”,其中的“loving”一词对应原文中的“姣”字,二者都是形容词。7】“只有儿孙忘不了!”一句,杨译“Yet with getting sons won’t have done.”使用“sons”翻译原文的“儿孙”,符合中国封建社会重男轻女的思想。霍译“But with their children won’t have done, have done”用的是“children”一词,更符合西方读者的思维习惯。8】“痴心父母古来多,孝顺儿孙谁见了?”一句,杨译“Although fond parents are legion, Who ever saw a really filial son?”整体句式清晰、流畅;霍译“Yet though of parents fond there is no lack, of grateful children saw I ne’er a one.”为了音节和押韵,调整了语序;正常的语序应该是:Yet though there is no lack of fond parents, I ne’er saw a one of grateful children9】“只听见‘好’‘了’‘好’‘了’”一句,杨译“I had the impression that it was about the vanity of all things.”采用了意译法,因为杨译在前文的处理上没有完全照应每一小节中出现的“好”和“了”,所以此处只能笼统地译为“the vanity of all things”,另外,在翻译关于“好”“了”的论述时,和前文的关联较弱。霍译“All I can make out is a lot of “won” and “done”.”中的“won”和“done”分别含有“好”和“了”之义,歌谣名是“好了歌”,歌谣中反复出现“好”“了”二字,其后又有关于“好”“了”的论述,霍译用的“won”和“done”也同样出现在歌名、歌中以及后文“好”“了”的论述中,而且,译者做到了兼顾语义和韵脚,前后照应,一气呵成,实为神来之笔。


对话杨宪益、霍克斯

——《红楼梦》英译赏析(第一至四十回)

张文锦 张锦萍 主编

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